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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <strong class="selflink">函数 try 块</strong></td></tr>
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<p>建立围绕整个函数体的异常处理块。
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E8.AF.AD.E6.B3.95">语法</span></h3>
<p>函数 try 块是一种 <span class="t-spar">函数体</span> 的替代语法形式，它是<a href="function.html" title="cpp/language/function">函数定义</a>的一部分。
</p>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">

<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"> <code><b>try</b></code> <span class="t-spar">构造函数初始化器</span><span class="t-mark">(可选)</span> <span class="t-spar">复合语句</span> <span class="t-spar">处理块序列</span>
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<table class="t-par-begin">


<tr class="t-par">
<td>  <span class="t-spar">构造函数初始化器</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td>  成员<a href="initializer_list.html" title="cpp/language/initializer list" class="mw-redirect">初始化器列表</a>，只能用于构造函数
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td>  <span class="t-spar">复合语句</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td>  花括号环绕的<a href="statements.html#.E5.A4.8D.E5.90.88.E8.AF.AD.E5.8F.A5" title="cpp/language/statements">语句序列</a>，它组成函数体
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td>  <span class="t-spar">处理块序列</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td>  一或多个 <a href="try_catch.html" title="cpp/language/try catch">catch 子句</a>的序列
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E8.A7.A3.E9.87.8A">解释</span></h3>
<p><i>函数 try 块</i>将一系列 catch 子句与整个函数体，以及<a href="initializer_list.html" title="cpp/language/initializer list" class="mw-redirect">成员初始化器列表</a>（如果用于构造函数）关联起来。从函数体中的任何语句，或（对于构造函数）从任何成员或基类的构造函数，或（对于析构函数）从任何成员或基类的析构函数中抛出的所有异常，以与常规 <a href="try_catch.html" title="cpp/language/try catch">try 块</a>中抛出的异常时相同方式，将控制转移到 <span class="t-spar">处理块序列</span> 中。
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include &lt;iostream&gt;</span>
<span class="co2">#include &lt;string&gt;</span>
 
<span class="kw1">struct</span> S <span class="br0">{</span>
    <a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1230">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a> m<span class="sy4">;</span>
    S<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1230">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a><span class="sy3">&amp;</span> str, <span class="kw4">int</span> idx<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw1">try</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> m<span class="br0">(</span>str, idx<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
        <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1758">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">"S("</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> str <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">", "</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> idx <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">") 构造完成，m = "</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> m <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="kw1">catch</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <a href="../error/exception.html"><span class="kw764">std::<span class="me2">exception</span></span></a><span class="sy3">&amp;</span> e<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
        <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1758">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">"S("</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> str <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">", "</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> idx <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">") 失败："</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> e.<span class="me1">what</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// 此处有隐含的 "throw;"</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
    S s1<span class="br0">{</span><span class="st0">"ABC"</span>, <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 不抛出（索引在范围内）</span>
    <span class="kw1">try</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
        S s2<span class="br0">{</span><span class="st0">"ABC"</span>, <span class="nu0">4</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 抛出（越界）</span>
    <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="kw1">catch</span> <span class="br0">(</span><a href="../error/exception.html"><span class="kw764">std::<span class="me2">exception</span></span></a><span class="sy3">&amp;</span> e<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
        <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1758">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">"S s2... 抛出了一个异常："</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> e.<span class="me1">what</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>在进入任何构造函数上的函数 try 块的 catch 子句前，所有完整构造的成员和基类都会被销毁。
</p>
 <table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11"><td>
<p>如果函数 try 块在委托构造函数上，而它调用的非委托构造函数成功完成，但之后该委托构造函数的函数体抛出了异常，那么此对象的析构函数将在进入函数 try 块的任何 catch 子句之前完成。
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<p>在进入析构函数上的函数 try 块的任何 catch 子句之前，所有基类和非变体成员均已被销毁。
</p><p>如果用于构造函数或析构函数上的函数 try 块的 catch 子句访问了基类或对象的非静态成员，那么行为未定义。
</p><p>构造函数的函数 try 块中的每个 catch 子句都必须以抛异常终止。如果控制抵达这种异常处理的尾部，那么当前异常被如同用 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">throw</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span> 来自动重抛。在构造函数的函数 try 块的任何 catch 子句中都不能使用 return 语句。
</p><p>抵达析构函数的函数 try 块的 catch 子句末尾，也如同用 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">throw</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span> 来自动重抛当前异常，但可以使用 return 语句。
</p><p>对于所有其他函数，如果函数返回类型是（可有 cv 限定的）<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">void</span></span></span>，那么抵达 catch 子句末尾等价于 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">return</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>，否则行为未定义。
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.B3.A8.E8.A7.A3">注解</span></h3>
<p>函数 try 块的主要目的是应对从构造函数中的成员初始化器列表抛出的异常，进行记录并重抛，修改异常对象并重抛，抛出一个不同的异常，或终止程序。析构函数或常规函数很少用到它们。
</p><p>函数 try 块不会捕获从按值传递的函数形参的复制/移动构造函数和析构函数中抛出的异常：这些异常是在调用方的语境抛出的。
</p>
 <table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11"><td>
<p>线程的顶层函数的函数 try 块不会捕获从<a href="storage_duration.html" title="cpp/language/storage duration">线程局部</a>对象的构造函数和析构函数（但除了函数作用域的线程局域对象的构造函数）中抛出的异常。
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<p>类似地，<a href="main_function.html" title="cpp/language/main function">main() 函数</a>的函数 try 块不会捕获从<a href="storage_duration.html" title="cpp/language/storage duration">静态</a>对象的构造函数和析构函数（但除了函数局域静态对象的构造函数）中抛出的异常。
</p><p>函数形参（但并非在函数自身中声明的任何对象）的<a href="scope.html#.E5.9D.97.E4.BD.9C.E7.94.A8.E5.9F.9F" title="cpp/language/scope">作用域</a>和生存期延续到 <span class="t-spar">处理块序列</span> 的结尾。
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw1">try</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
   <span class="sy2">++</span>n<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 使函数形参自增</span>
   <span class="kw1">throw</span> n<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span> <span class="kw1">catch</span><span class="br0">(</span>...<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
   <span class="sy2">++</span>n<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// n 处于作用域中且仍然指代函数形参</span>
   <a href="../error/assert.html"><span class="kw774">assert</span></a><span class="br0">(</span>n <span class="sy1">==</span> <span class="nu0">4</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
   <span class="kw1">return</span> n<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>

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